Chamber, Party, and Winning Policy Means From DW-NOMINATE Congresses 1 - 109


Below are the Chamber, Party, and Winning Policy Means from a DW-NOMINATE analysis of Congresses 1 - 109. DW-NOMINATE is a dynamic version of W-NOMINATE and is very similar to the original D-NOMINATE procedure. The only differences are that DW-NOMINATE is based on normally distributed errors rather than on logit errors and that each dimension has a distinct (salience) weight (the weight of the first dimension is always 1.0). DW-NOMINATE scores in one Congress are directly comparable with scores in another Congress. However, cross-Congress comparisons should be conducted only between Congresses occurring during one of the stable 2-party periods of American History. Also, the DW-NOMINATE scores cannot be compared across chambers. In addition, because these coordinates were estimated using a weighted utility model, if distances are computed between legislators, this weighting must be taken into account! This was not true of the original D-NOMINATE coordinates.

When Howard Rosenthal and I began our research in 1982, computer memory and speeds were a significant problem, and we took the logit approach because it was computationally more tractable. Because computer memory and speed are now minor impediments, we developed DW-NOMINATE because the normal distribution allows us to develop much more sophisticated models of correlated error (that work is now underway).

We applied DW-NOMINATE to all roll call votes taken since the end of World War II as part of an on going study of post-War American politics. Our preliminary results are reported in Income Redistribution and the Realignment of American Politics (joint with Nolan McCarty, 1997, AEI Press) and D-NOMINATE After 10 Years: A Comparative Update to Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (1999 APSA paper) for further details.

For all practical purposes, the coordinates estimated by DW-NOMINATE are identical to the original D-NOMINATE coordinates for the 1st to the 99th Congresses. For the 2-dimensional, dynamic model, the Pearson correlations between the two sets of coordinates for the House were .968 for the first dimension and .902 for the second dimension (n = 31,191). The corresponding correlations for the Senate were .957 and .880 respectively (n = 7581).

Note that the average DW-NOMINATE coordinate for every legislator is constrained to lie within the unit hypersphere. However, some members may have large linear terms so that for some Congresses their coordinates can be greater than +1/-1. Also note that the weight on the 2nd dimension is about .3 for both the House and the Senate [see Income Redistribution and the Realignment of American Politics (joint with Nolan McCarty, 1997, AEI Press) and D-NOMINATE After 10 Years: A Comparative Update to Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (1999 APSA paper) for further details]. To reiterate the warning above, because these coordinates were estimated using a weighted utility model, if distances are computed between legislators, this weighting must be taken into account in any analyses using the distances.

If you have used previous releases of the DW-NOMINATE scores please go to the Current vs. Past Releases of DW-NOMINATE Scores page. The scores computed for the 1st to the 109th are essentially identical to the previous release (i.e., the corresponding scores for Congresses 1 to 108). However, when a new Congress is added to the dataset this will slightly change the scores for more recent members because their scores are estimated using their entire voting history. This will also slightly change the overall means and medians of the dimensions. Finally, the past few Congresses are nearly unidimensional with correct classifications of 90 percent or better. Consequently, the overall fit of the DW-NOMINATE estimation has increased as recent Congresses have been added to the dataset. The Current vs. Past Releases of DW-NOMINATE Scores page shows the corrections necessary to map the past scalings into the current scalings along with STATA files containing the current and past releases.

The Chamber, Party, and Winning Policy Means below are from the 2-dimensional dynamic model (linear time trend term for legislators). The Variables are:
  1. First Line
    1. Congress number
    2. The total number of legislators scaled for that Congress.
    3. Number of scaled Members largest political party in the Chamber (this may not be a majority!)
    4. Number of scaled Members second largest political party in the Chamber
    5. Plurality Party Name -- That is, the political party with the most members in the Chamber
    6. Chamber Mean 1st Dimension
    7. Chamber Mean 2nd Dimension
    8. Largest Party: Mean 1st Dimension
    9. Largest Party: Mean 2nd Dimension
    10. Second Largest Party: Mean 1st Dimension
    11. Second Largest Party: Mean 2nd Dimension
  2. Second Line
    1. The total number of scaled roll calls for that Congress
    2. Second Largest Party Name
    3. Winning Policy Mean 1st Dimension
    4. Winning Policy Mean 2nd Dimension

HOUSE: 1 - 109 Chamber and Winning Policy Means

Houses 1 - 109 Chamber, Party, and Winning Policy Means File Graph of Houses 46 - 109 Chamber and Winning Policy Means 1 63 36 27 Pro-Administration 0.335 0.091 0.557 -0.076 0.040 0.313 109 Anti-Administration 0.246 -0.139 2 67 37 30 Pro-Administration 0.320 -0.033 0.577 -0.017 0.002 -0.053 101 Anti-Administration 0.262 0.053 3 101 51 50 Anti-Administration 0.288 -0.083 -0.016 -0.174 0.597 0.010 69 Pro-Administration 0.223 -0.039 4 108 59 49 Republican 0.228 0.086 -0.069 0.010 0.586 0.178 82 Federalist 0.150 -0.007 5 115 62 53 Federalist 0.317 0.037 0.665 0.127 -0.090 -0.067 154 Republican 0.469 0.004 6 108 62 46 Federalist 0.367 -0.004 0.668 0.074 -0.038 -0.109 95 Republican 0.556 0.115 7 109 70 39 Republican 0.227 0.038 -0.032 -0.008 0.691 0.121 137 Federalist -0.040 -0.104 8 144 105 39 Republican 0.129 0.015 -0.071 0.019 0.668 0.003 128 Federalist -0.011 -0.040 9 145 117 28 Republican 0.087 0.029 -0.053 0.043 0.671 -0.029 154 Federalist 0.111 0.030 10 143 116 27 Republican 0.096 0.007 -0.031 0.044 0.641 -0.152 228 Federalist -0.004 0.071 11 151 101 50 Republican 0.175 -0.035 -0.052 0.062 0.633 -0.231 291 Federalist 0.038 0.103 12 145 108 37 Republican 0.102 -0.020 -0.077 0.063 0.624 -0.262 313 Federalist -0.025 0.089 13 194 123 71 Republican 0.163 -0.012 -0.099 0.144 0.616 -0.282 350 Federalist 0.014 0.168 14 189 124 65 Republican 0.160 -0.044 -0.069 0.112 0.597 -0.342 113 Federalist 0.237 0.078 15 187 147 40 Republican 0.059 0.058 -0.036 0.105 0.406 -0.113 106 Federalist 0.114 0.028 16 196 168 28 Republican 0.042 0.134 0.012 0.146 0.225 0.065 147 Federalist 0.122 0.104 17 183 151 32 Republican 0.102 0.049 0.068 0.048 0.260 0.053 94 Federalist 0.013 0.032 18 212 69 62 Adams-Clay Republican 0.102 0.066 0.331 -0.078 0.035 0.456 93 Jackson Republican 0.193 0.097 19 218 111 107 Adams Democrat 0.048 0.062 0.252 -0.145 -0.164 0.277 111 Jackson 0.001 -0.083 20 218 114 104 Jackson 0.058 0.104 -0.160 0.317 0.297 -0.129 231 Adams Democrat 0.082 0.066 21 217 140 72 Jackson -0.015 0.021 -0.213 0.065 0.345 -0.059 271 Anti-Jackson -0.049 -0.125 22 217 129 67 Jackson -0.021 -0.003 -0.261 -0.009 0.362 0.003 462 Anti-Jackson -0.008 -0.015 23 255 149 70 Jackson -0.046 -0.048 -0.264 -0.185 0.277 0.188 322 Anti-Jackson -0.116 -0.112 24 253 147 80 Jackson -0.107 -0.095 -0.318 -0.321 0.183 0.273 456 Anti-Jackson -0.135 -0.163 25 255 132 109 Democrat -0.068 -0.063 -0.326 -0.331 0.228 0.228 468 Whig -0.101 -0.040 26 254 126 120 Democrat -0.068 -0.025 -0.373 -0.272 0.232 0.243 735 Whig -0.192 -0.072 27 256 149 105 Whig -0.023 0.075 0.239 0.217 -0.390 -0.134 970 Democrat 0.045 0.064 28 230 147 79 Democrat -0.114 -0.059 -0.336 -0.215 0.279 0.221 580 Whig -0.148 -0.070 29 234 148 80 Democrat -0.123 -0.029 -0.363 -0.160 0.298 0.209 631 Whig -0.163 -0.066 30 233 116 113 Whig -0.030 0.038 0.290 0.204 -0.363 -0.119 467 Democrat 0.046 0.038 31 239 117 111 Democrat -0.025 0.004 -0.392 -0.108 0.330 0.187 571 Whig 0.020 -0.050 32 238 128 89 Democrat -0.076 -0.035 -0.304 -0.162 0.277 0.118 452 Whig -0.082 0.032 33 238 157 75 Democrat -0.113 -0.021 -0.284 -0.047 0.222 0.057 602 Whig -0.213 0.109 34 236 98 85 Opposition 0.041 0.006 0.355 -0.174 -0.372 0.024 723 Democrat 0.183 0.025 35 243 134 92 Democrat -0.053 0.055 -0.360 0.215 0.404 -0.234 544 Republican -0.031 0.028 36 243 118 86 Republican 0.022 0.018 0.382 -0.136 -0.404 0.135 428 Democrat 0.127 0.037 37 191 108 50 Republican 0.146 0.090 0.392 -0.118 -0.263 0.370 627 Democrat 0.306 -0.025 38 187 86 73 Republican 0.079 0.076 0.411 0.007 -0.310 0.149 582 Democrat 0.231 -0.020 39 197 134 44 Republican 0.151 -0.017 0.346 -0.084 -0.401 0.172 603 Democrat 0.273 -0.075 40 230 177 48 Republican 0.194 -0.022 0.352 -0.097 -0.381 0.221 708 Democrat 0.280 -0.021 41 255 177 72 Republican 0.139 0.019 0.364 -0.038 -0.385 0.121 620 Democrat 0.222 0.050 42 253 142 106 Republican 0.052 0.063 0.365 0.035 -0.364 0.093 513 Democrat 0.080 0.056 43 300 202 93 Republican 0.115 0.057 0.354 0.047 -0.390 0.088 469 Democrat 0.246 0.064 44 303 185 109 Democrat -0.079 -0.077 -0.373 -0.085 0.398 -0.058 307 Republican -0.250 -0.025 45 301 157 142 Democrat -0.023 -0.075 -0.396 -0.123 0.394 -0.024 362 Republican -0.142 -0.027 46 297 144 134 Democrat -0.024 -0.044 -0.418 -0.047 0.418 -0.134 425 Republican -0.172 -0.030 47 299 154 132 Republican 0.023 -0.046 0.409 -0.044 -0.427 -0.115 287 Democrat 0.160 -0.050 48 334 200 121 Democrat -0.075 -0.035 -0.369 -0.062 0.400 0.010 312 Republican -0.146 0.042 49 325 182 141 Democrat -0.048 -0.009 -0.397 -0.068 0.403 0.068 291 Republican -0.153 0.044 50 323 165 152 Democrat -0.014 -0.043 -0.405 -0.182 0.408 0.075 272 Republican -0.046 -0.014 51 344 179 164 Republican 0.019 -0.025 0.428 0.133 -0.428 -0.199 539 Democrat 0.327 0.033 52 336 241 87 Democrat -0.164 -0.101 -0.380 -0.205 0.438 0.086 271 Republican -0.149 0.062 53 369 224 131 Democrat -0.084 -0.039 -0.393 -0.143 0.453 0.062 284 Republican -0.252 0.027 54 359 251 98 Republican 0.174 0.091 0.442 0.102 -0.481 -0.019 158 Democrat 0.157 0.011 55 363 206 130 Republican 0.084 0.099 0.461 0.008 -0.442 0.100 172 Democrat 0.327 0.034 56 360 192 159 Republican 0.065 0.028 0.473 0.040 -0.405 -0.023 141 Democrat 0.247 -0.012 57 356 203 147 Republican 0.103 0.003 0.490 -0.019 -0.413 0.013 160 Democrat 0.297 -0.001 58 368 199 166 Republican 0.091 -0.026 0.502 0.014 -0.412 -0.064 84 Democrat 0.440 -0.015 59 374 245 129 Republican 0.184 -0.057 0.506 -0.037 -0.427 -0.094 125 Democrat 0.415 -0.012 60 384 221 162 Republican 0.117 -0.066 0.503 -0.031 -0.412 -0.110 231 Democrat 0.306 0.068 61 398 219 179 Republican 0.095 -0.069 0.498 -0.044 -0.398 -0.099 193 Democrat 0.199 0.011 62 401 232 167 Democrat -0.017 -0.024 -0.372 -0.099 0.475 0.069 249 Republican -0.195 0.018 63 439 294 135 Democrat -0.088 -0.009 -0.350 -0.104 0.458 0.159 268 Republican -0.168 -0.042 64 438 229 200 Democrat 0.027 0.018 -0.370 0.008 0.473 0.029 148 Republican -0.132 -0.007 65 446 223 217 Democrat 0.046 0.025 -0.370 0.027 0.472 0.017 217 Republican 0.011 0.022 66 448 246 199 Republican 0.087 0.044 0.460 0.062 -0.373 0.011 272 Democrat 0.161 0.009 67 448 308 138 Republican 0.187 0.078 0.450 0.034 -0.400 0.176 325 Democrat 0.215 -0.073 68 436 226 207 Republican 0.069 0.125 0.455 0.099 -0.351 0.143 164 Democrat 0.078 0.026 69 433 245 183 Republican 0.107 0.119 0.442 0.039 -0.341 0.209 106 Democrat 0.107 -0.103 70 425 229 193 Republican 0.078 0.125 0.421 0.038 -0.327 0.217 68 Democrat 0.139 -0.088 71 435 267 167 Republican 0.134 0.107 0.404 0.029 -0.298 0.230 98 Democrat 0.209 -0.080 72 438 224 213 Democrat 0.061 0.112 -0.254 0.254 0.393 -0.038 115 Republican -0.035 0.009 73 443 318 120 Democrat -0.057 0.070 -0.223 0.189 0.373 -0.268 137 Republican -0.228 0.108 74 438 323 105 Democrat -0.077 0.043 -0.216 0.156 0.342 -0.294 206 Republican -0.135 0.068 75 439 335 91 Democrat -0.098 0.043 -0.215 0.125 0.331 -0.196 153 Republican -0.181 0.054 76 448 266 178 Democrat 0.010 0.020 -0.203 0.236 0.329 -0.292 216 Republican -0.143 0.062 77 441 268 167 Democrat 0.005 0.029 -0.201 0.231 0.338 -0.283 126 Republican -0.099 0.069 78 442 224 214 Democrat 0.066 0.008 -0.189 0.341 0.335 -0.330 135 Republican 0.124 -0.012 79 444 248 194 Democrat 0.025 0.038 -0.215 0.314 0.334 -0.306 206 Republican 0.009 0.082 80 446 250 194 Republican 0.098 -0.009 0.320 -0.391 -0.178 0.489 146 Democrat 0.233 -0.132 81 439 263 174 Democrat -0.017 0.065 -0.225 0.348 0.305 -0.356 245 Republican -0.088 0.034 82 444 236 207 Democrat 0.035 0.049 -0.204 0.424 0.308 -0.378 159 Republican 0.097 0.033 83 436 220 215 Republican 0.055 0.031 0.303 -0.400 -0.197 0.472 120 Democrat 0.115 -0.108 84 438 234 204 Democrat 0.022 0.062 -0.223 0.455 0.303 -0.388 121 Republican -0.037 0.037 85 443 238 205 Democrat 0.015 0.066 -0.223 0.488 0.292 -0.424 172 Republican 0.013 -0.003 86 439 282 156 Democrat -0.052 0.142 -0.244 0.440 0.295 -0.403 162 Republican -0.076 -0.012 87 445 271 174 Democrat -0.021 0.126 -0.225 0.449 0.296 -0.377 202 Republican -0.121 -0.004 88 442 261 181 Democrat -0.027 0.102 -0.246 0.420 0.289 -0.357 200 Republican -0.140 0.036 89 442 300 142 Democrat -0.086 0.126 -0.258 0.339 0.279 -0.326 305 Republican -0.221 -0.012 90 438 249 189 Democrat -0.026 0.076 -0.251 0.363 0.271 -0.302 390 Republican -0.070 0.030 91 443 248 195 Democrat -0.029 0.069 -0.270 0.335 0.279 -0.270 353 Republican -0.013 0.030 92 440 256 184 Democrat -0.045 0.084 -0.275 0.332 0.275 -0.262 527 Republican 0.008 0.015 93 443 245 197 Democrat -0.042 0.061 -0.296 0.284 0.275 -0.217 919 Republican 0.004 -0.030 94 439 292 147 Democrat -0.110 0.043 -0.297 0.181 0.259 -0.230 1065 Republican -0.095 -0.009 95 438 291 147 Democrat -0.107 0.035 -0.289 0.165 0.255 -0.223 1217 Republican -0.090 0.010 96 440 280 160 Democrat -0.082 0.024 -0.289 0.154 0.278 -0.202 1067 Republican -0.091 0.057 97 438 243 194 Democrat -0.030 -0.024 -0.291 0.131 0.300 -0.218 679 Republican -0.030 0.060 98 438 270 168 Democrat -0.059 -0.011 -0.298 0.116 0.324 -0.215 784 Republican -0.091 0.036 99 438 255 183 Democrat -0.042 -0.019 -0.313 0.125 0.334 -0.220 777 Republican -0.088 0.066 100 440 260 180 Democrat -0.047 -0.023 -0.313 0.140 0.337 -0.260 771 Republican -0.090 0.096 101 438 260 178 Democrat -0.051 -0.032 -0.316 0.133 0.337 -0.272 752 Republican -0.046 0.085 102 438 269 168 Democrat -0.064 -0.017 -0.321 0.137 0.351 -0.260 780 Republican -0.108 0.086 103 438 259 178 Democrat -0.050 -0.035 -0.341 0.112 0.376 -0.246 969 Republican -0.172 0.061 104 446 236 209 Republican 0.045 -0.068 0.416 -0.208 -0.370 0.093 1176 Democrat 0.202 -0.002 105 443 231 211 Republican 0.043 -0.064 0.433 -0.168 -0.382 0.051 946 Democrat 0.143 -0.038 106 440 224 214 Republican 0.043 -0.045 0.449 -0.160 -0.381 0.075 874 Democrat 0.142 -0.050 107 442 228 212 Republican 0.058 -0.041 0.473 -0.143 -0.388 0.068 681 Democrat 0.147 -0.105 108 441 232 208 Republican 0.077 -0.033 0.497 -0.133 -0.389 0.079 843 Democrat 0.257 -0.101 109 439 236 202 Republican 0.089 -0.026 0.509 -0.105 -0.399 0.066 894 Democrat 0.306 0.055

SENATE: 1 - 109 Chamber and Winning Policy Means

Senates 1 - 109 Chamber and Winning Policy Means File Graph of Senates 46 - 109 Chamber and Winning Policy Means 1 26 19 7 Pro-Administration 0.147 -0.178 0.323 -0.219 -0.333 -0.066 100 Anti-Administration 0.346 0.063 2 27 16 11 Pro-Administration 0.003 -0.218 0.319 -0.198 -0.457 -0.247 52 Anti-Administration -0.033 -0.056 3 29 16 13 Pro-Administration 0.082 -0.215 0.559 -0.059 -0.504 -0.407 78 Anti-Administration 0.038 0.092 4 29 19 10 Federalist 0.114 -0.131 0.510 0.002 -0.639 -0.384 82 Republican 0.286 0.082 5 37 26 11 Federalist 0.257 0.008 0.571 0.108 -0.486 -0.228 194 Republican 0.392 0.014 6 36 25 11 Federalist 0.204 0.002 0.516 0.099 -0.505 -0.219 116 Republican 0.346 0.102 7 29 17 12 Republican 0.064 -0.198 -0.303 -0.232 0.583 -0.149 78 Federalist -0.165 0.099 8 38 28 10 Republican -0.016 -0.124 -0.258 -0.163 0.660 -0.014 138 Federalist 0.035 -0.021 9 32 25 7 Republican -0.004 -0.083 -0.199 -0.096 0.691 -0.036 84 Federalist -0.023 0.014 10 35 28 7 Republican 0.002 0.012 -0.163 0.078 0.658 -0.252 83 Federalist -0.140 0.080 11 38 30 8 Republican 0.075 0.026 -0.106 0.128 0.751 -0.357 162 Federalist 0.079 0.042 12 37 31 6 Republican -0.057 -0.013 -0.196 0.019 0.663 -0.179 198 Federalist -0.153 -0.016 13 43 33 10 Republican -0.053 -0.058 -0.264 -0.003 0.644 -0.241 257 Federalist -0.096 -0.044 14 44 29 15 Republican 0.050 -0.064 -0.218 -0.008 0.566 -0.172 165 Federalist 0.084 0.040 15 40 30 10 Republican 0.055 -0.003 -0.074 0.067 0.444 -0.213 103 Federalist -0.002 -0.012 16 51 41 10 Republican 0.116 0.082 0.036 0.157 0.445 -0.225 112 Federalist 0.026 0.060 17 47 43 4 Republican 0.119 0.158 0.101 0.185 0.317 -0.137 86 Federalist -0.158 -0.021 18 51 22 12 Crawford Republican 0.126 0.189 0.105 -0.018 -0.177 0.308 167 Jackson Republican -0.015 0.077 19 51 27 24 Jackson 0.138 0.196 -0.127 -0.060 0.436 0.485 209 Adams Democrat 0.179 0.127 20 53 30 23 Jackson 0.147 0.191 -0.126 -0.087 0.503 0.554 231 Adams Democrat 0.208 0.088 21 50 27 23 Jackson 0.172 0.158 -0.169 -0.108 0.572 0.470 261 Anti-Jackson 0.170 0.055 22 52 27 22 Jackson 0.125 0.106 -0.229 0.052 0.567 0.333 393 Anti-Jackson 0.267 0.101 23 52 28 22 Anti-Jackson 0.084 0.102 0.407 0.099 -0.325 0.182 211 Jackson 0.230 -0.108 24 60 33 25 Jackson -0.086 0.148 -0.422 0.159 0.349 0.186 399 Anti-Jackson -0.110 0.082 25 57 38 19 Democrat -0.174 0.115 -0.414 0.030 0.307 0.284 375 Whig -0.213 -0.014 26 57 32 25 Democrat -0.143 0.051 -0.457 -0.082 0.259 0.220 325 Whig -0.217 0.003 27 59 34 25 Whig -0.070 0.031 0.247 0.147 -0.503 -0.128 810 Democrat 0.171 0.116 28 56 28 27 Whig -0.132 0.008 0.217 0.185 -0.511 -0.154 296 Democrat 0.003 0.024 29 61 35 25 Democrat -0.171 0.067 -0.534 -0.052 0.289 0.234 367 Whig -0.157 0.070 30 68 44 23 Democrat -0.193 -0.039 -0.436 -0.236 0.246 0.358 328 Whig -0.211 0.010 31 66 37 27 Democrat -0.117 0.007 -0.418 -0.205 0.252 0.344 488 Whig -0.085 0.039 32 67 40 24 Democrat -0.191 0.024 -0.428 -0.141 0.121 0.382 349 Whig -0.128 0.026 33 66 39 22 Democrat -0.199 -0.006 -0.425 -0.133 0.025 0.344 540 Whig -0.156 0.025 34 63 39 22 Democrat -0.224 -0.005 -0.439 -0.036 0.139 0.060 444 Opposition -0.168 -0.045 35 71 46 20 Democrat -0.229 -0.055 -0.478 0.046 0.340 -0.363 699 Republican -0.270 -0.010 36 69 40 27 Democrat -0.175 -0.105 -0.494 0.011 0.305 -0.294 604 Republican -0.132 -0.018 37 65 34 23 Republican -0.066 -0.094 0.231 -0.234 -0.452 0.080 788 Democrat 0.128 -0.074 38 52 34 10 Republican 0.051 -0.152 0.243 -0.231 -0.461 0.081 598 Democrat 0.088 -0.085 39 56 42 10 Republican 0.053 -0.154 0.198 -0.204 -0.481 -0.144 496 Democrat 0.129 0.008 40 67 57 10 Republican 0.087 0.068 0.207 0.080 -0.596 -0.003 715 Democrat 0.160 0.007 41 78 65 13 Republican 0.102 0.084 0.236 0.109 -0.570 -0.040 740 Democrat 0.097 0.024 42 75 56 18 Republican 0.053 0.056 0.250 0.121 -0.557 -0.126 797 Democrat 0.156 0.005 43 76 49 20 Republican 0.042 0.047 0.273 0.132 -0.534 -0.112 418 Democrat 0.026 0.059 44 79 46 32 Republican -0.056 0.064 0.273 0.146 -0.534 -0.048 417 Democrat 0.091 0.041 45 78 40 37 Republican -0.108 0.023 0.287 0.136 -0.535 -0.096 579 Democrat -0.156 0.067 46 80 45 34 Democrat -0.183 -0.062 -0.563 -0.090 0.319 -0.024 557 Republican -0.424 -0.021 47 83 43 38 Republican -0.088 -0.056 0.320 -0.083 -0.561 -0.037 981 Democrat 0.018 -0.001 48 78 40 36 Republican -0.098 -0.113 0.309 -0.182 -0.564 -0.064 418 Democrat -0.070 -0.009 49 79 44 35 Republican -0.089 -0.103 0.294 -0.134 -0.571 -0.064 450 Democrat -0.011 -0.013 50 76 39 37 Republican -0.127 -0.104 0.295 -0.172 -0.572 -0.032 387 Democrat 0.137 0.029 51 88 51 37 Republican -0.059 -0.078 0.307 -0.090 -0.564 -0.061 524 Democrat 0.163 -0.007 52 89 46 41 Republican -0.092 -0.115 0.320 -0.128 -0.544 -0.158 207 Democrat -0.097 0.017 53 94 47 43 Democrat -0.121 -0.099 -0.526 -0.166 0.323 -0.109 542 Republican -0.391 -0.033 54 89 44 39 Republican -0.061 -0.054 0.324 -0.058 -0.493 -0.171 195 Democrat -0.058 -0.002 55 92 45 35 Republican -0.012 -0.063 0.371 -0.241 -0.473 -0.115 375 Democrat 0.209 -0.041 56 90 54 26 Republican 0.089 -0.072 0.391 -0.216 -0.456 -0.078 167 Democrat 0.283 -0.030 57 88 55 32 Republican 0.088 -0.088 0.389 -0.151 -0.418 -0.005 115 Democrat 0.329 0.014 58 87 54 33 Republican 0.112 -0.192 0.430 -0.167 -0.407 -0.233 91 Democrat 0.300 -0.009 59 89 56 33 Republican 0.116 -0.210 0.428 -0.165 -0.414 -0.287 122 Democrat 0.313 0.003 60 87 58 29 Republican 0.155 -0.199 0.424 -0.061 -0.384 -0.475 79 Democrat 0.290 0.026 61 100 62 38 Republican 0.113 -0.253 0.415 -0.035 -0.380 -0.608 260 Democrat 0.475 -0.027 62 105 55 50 Republican 0.042 -0.222 0.389 0.010 -0.340 -0.477 370 Democrat 0.117 -0.039 63 101 56 44 Democrat -0.002 -0.231 -0.307 -0.455 0.387 0.039 569 Republican -0.182 -0.151 64 98 57 41 Democrat -0.009 -0.219 -0.307 -0.403 0.405 0.035 404 Republican -0.084 -0.154 65 105 59 46 Democrat 0.006 -0.248 -0.304 -0.482 0.404 0.052 373 Republican 0.102 -0.128 66 100 51 49 Republican 0.066 -0.212 0.421 0.058 -0.303 -0.493 399 Democrat 0.158 -0.011 67 104 65 39 Republican 0.161 -0.130 0.433 0.084 -0.292 -0.486 731 Democrat 0.395 -0.042 68 100 55 43 Republican 0.123 -0.074 0.423 0.102 -0.252 -0.350 194 Democrat 0.097 0.002 69 101 58 42 Republican 0.129 -0.037 0.410 0.156 -0.255 -0.330 229 Democrat 0.187 -0.035 70 99 51 47 Republican 0.077 -0.023 0.375 0.199 -0.244 -0.286 185 Democrat 0.110 0.054 71 109 64 44 Republican 0.139 -0.007 0.401 0.131 -0.240 -0.230 433 Democrat 0.119 0.039 72 102 51 50 Democrat 0.080 0.045 -0.195 -0.098 0.360 0.172 255 Republican 0.140 -0.022 73 99 62 36 Democrat 0.015 0.076 -0.167 0.016 0.326 0.154 224 Republican -0.087 -0.006 74 99 71 25 Democrat -0.044 0.107 -0.158 0.030 0.270 0.219 189 Republican -0.082 -0.004 75 100 80 16 Democrat -0.096 0.103 -0.174 0.059 0.253 0.117 170 Republican -0.265 0.083 76 99 70 25 Democrat -0.044 0.109 -0.156 0.111 0.249 -0.023 259 Republican -0.172 0.022 77 100 69 29 Democrat -0.037 0.120 -0.161 0.176 0.254 -0.060 173 Republican -0.195 0.033 78 100 59 40 Democrat 0.039 0.113 -0.127 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